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More than 5 million middle and high school students in the U.S

Participants self-reported their cigarette and e-cigarette dependence at one, three and six months using validated measures of dependence, including a Penn State-developed questionnaire that ranges from 0 (not at all dependent) to 20 (highly dependent)

"Trader: Ban vaping and we will go underground"

Emission rates were significantly higher for a single-coil versus a double-coil device, ranging from tens to thousands of nanograms of toxicants per milligram of e-liquid aerosol

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Combining a long-acting NRT (like a patch) with a short-acting NRT (like gum or lozenges) can be particularly effective