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To further confirm this chain of causal inference, we implemented a modified Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to investigate potential causal effects by introducing non-pleiotropic polygenic risk scores (PRS) as instrument variables, i.e., the valid-PRS (see Methods for more details) 35,36
Tobacco use disorder, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), is a form of substance use disorder that includes nicotine dependence
The papery cream-colored bracts spread apart as the single-seeded fruits expand within each floret
Inner Bowl Diameter 17.25 mm
Since 1994, cigarette tax hikes have helped push the price of cigarettes in Michigan to more than $5.00 per pack, well above the price in most other states and countries
It travels down your airways, into your lungs and through your bloodstream to your brain and other organs
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